ISSN 1239-6095
© Boreal Environment Research 2001

Contents of Volume 6 Number 3

Johansson, M., Boman, H., Kahma, K.K. & Launiainen, J. 2001. Trends in sea level variability in the Baltic Sea. Boreal Env. Res. 6: 159–179.
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Nõges, P. & Viirret, M. 2001. Environmental conditions and the development of Planktonema lauterbornii Schmidle in phytoplankton of Karhijärvi, a lake in SW Finland. Boreal Env. Res. 6: 181–190.
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Vilbaste, S. 2001. Benthic diatom communities in Estonian rivers. Boreal Env. Res. 6: 191–203.
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Raateoja, M.P. & Seppälä, J. 2001. Light utilization and photosynthetic efficiency of Nannochloris sp. (Chlorophyceae) approached by spectral absorption characteristics and Fast Repetition Rate Fluorometry (FRRF). Boreal Env. Res. 6: 205–220.
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Hietanen, S., Kuparinen, J., Oja, R.J. & Tuominen, L. 2001. Different filtration treatments and centrifugation in measuring bacterial production in brackish waters. Boreal Env. Res. 6: 221–229.
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Jacks, G., Byström, M. & Johansson, L. 2001. Lead emissions from lost fishing sinkers. Boreal Env. Res. 6: 231–236.
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Hakola, H., Laurila, T., Lindfors, V., Hellén, H., Gaman, A. & Rinne, J. 2001. Variation of the VOC emission rates of birch species during the growing season. Boreal Env. Res. 6: 237–249.
Abstract
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Johansson, M., Boman, H., Kahma, K.K. & Launiainen, J. 2001. Trends in sea level variability in the Baltic Sea. Boreal Env. Res. 6: 159–179.

This study aims to investigate sea level variability on the coasts of Finland and its changes over the past 100 years. The sea level probability distributions have apparently changed in shape. The annual maximum sea levels show a significant increasing trend, the increase being concentrated in the latter half of the 20th century. Annual variability shows an apparent increasing trend with the most pronounced increase occurring in the 1960s and 1970s. This was confirmed by examining the standard deviations as well as the spectra of the sea level. Short-period variability of the order of only a few days shows long-term changes that well exceed random variations, and it is therefore permissible to interpret these variations as reflecting the variations of short-term meteorological phenomena. The variations are not the same in different basins, but a minimum in the 1960s and a subsequent increase in the wintertime variability up to the 1980s can be seen in all of them. In the Gulf of Finland a 30 year cycle was found in the short term variability. On the other hand, the overall trend during the 20th century shows only a marginal increase that is not statistically significant. For all Finnish tide gauges, the annual mean sea level was found to be linked significantly with the NAO (North Atlantic Oscillation) air pressure index. The annual standard deviation of the sea level also correlates with the NAO, but the correlation is not statistically significant in every basin.
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Nõges, P. & Viirret, M. 2001. Environmental conditions and the development of Planktonema lauterbornii Schmidle in phytoplankton of Karhijärvi, a lake in SW Finland. Boreal Env. Res. 6: 181–190.

In the warm summer of 1999, the filamentous green alga Planktonema lauterbornii Schmidle appeared among dominants in the phytoplankton of Karhijärvi, a lake located in SW Finland. In the cool and rainy summer of 2000, the species almost disappeared from the lake again. P. lauterbornii was found in Karhijärvi for the first time in 1994 when it appeared in small numbers. The occurrence of P. lauterbornii in fresh waters in the Baltic Sea region is known only in a few cases whereas more records are from brackish waters. This paper describes the chemical and physical environment of Karhijärvi and the species composition of phytoplankton in summer 1999 in comparison with long-term monitoring data of the lake. A general increase of air temperature and especially the mild winters during the 1990s probably favoured the northward invasion of the warm water species Planktonema lauterbornii.
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Vilbaste, S. 2001. Benthic diatom communities in Estonian rivers. Boreal Env. Res. 6: 191–203.

Epilithic, epiphytic and epipelic (soft bottom) diatom communities were studied in three rivers (Ahja, Selja and Valgejõgi). Although the total number of recorded diatom taxa was 165, the studied diatom assemblages consisted of 32, 26, or 28 constant taxa in the three studied rivers, respectively. The dominating diatoms were Achnanthidium minutissimum, Cocconeis placentula, Amphora pediculus, Staurosirella pinnata, Planothidium lanceolatum, and Diatoma moniliformis. The cluster analysis of three different diatom communities yielded different results. The clustering of the composition and structure of the epilithic diatom community brought out three principal groups of river reaches differing in the trophic status of water. Hence the epilithic community of diatoms can be recommended for the monitoring of Estonian running waters.
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Raateoja, M.P. & Seppälä, J. 2001. Light utilization and photosynthetic efficiency of Nannochloris sp. (Chlorophyceae) approached by spectral absorption characteristics and Fast Repetition Rate Fluorometry (FRRF). Boreal Env. Res. 6: 205–220.

The photosynthetic performance of Nannochloris sp. (Chlorophyceae) batch cultures, grown in 16:8 h light:dark cycle, was evaluated with 14C-incorporation, O2-evolution, light absorption of PSII, and variable fluorescence. Cell pigmentation, elemental composition, and photosynthetic parameters were measured in the course of one light period from cultures acclimated to 314 and 39 umol quanta m–2 s–1. Both cultures had a biphasic trend during the light period. The productivity increased during the first half of the light period, and decreased afterwards. The growth rates in both of the cultures were mainly regulated by the internal cell cycle, rather than by light and nutrients. The nutrient metabolism obviously caused discrepancy between the 14C-based and variable fluorescence-based primary productivity estimates. The relatively higher estimate of the rate of electron transport through PSII than of the 14C-based biomass-specific primary productivity in the early phases of the experiment was mainly caused by the inability of the variable fluorescence method to take into account a partial loss of ATP, NADPH and ferredoxin pools caused by the active NO3-N uptake and reduction. The temporal patterns of the fluorescence-based ([phi]f) and the 14C-based quantum yield for carbon fixation were much alike, since in the definition of [phi]f processes other than carboxylation, consuming the reducing power and the chemical energy produced by the light reaction of photosynthesis, were taken into consideration. The problems associated with the inclusion of pre-set parameters in the productivity models are also discussed.
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Hietanen, S., Kuparinen, J., Oja, R.J. & Tuominen, L. 2001. Different filtration treatments and centrifugation in measuring bacterial production in brackish waters. Boreal Env. Res. 6: 221–229.

We tested the filtration method routinely used in pelagic bacterial production measurements against some new, modified and extended methods. We used both 14C-leucine and 3H-thymidine in comparison of two filter types, two modifications of the centrifugation method and the effect of filtering samples first through GF/F-filters (for 14C-leucine only). Tests were run for natural brackish water samples and batch cultures from both pelagic and coastal waters. All seasons were covered in the sampling. The centrifugation methods gave systematically lower results than the filtration methods. Also the use of polycarbonate filters resulted in lower values in measuring 3H-thymidine incorporation compared to the use of cellulose-nitrate filters. Combining the routine cellulose-nitrate filtration with filtering the incubated sample first through a combusted GF/F-filter did not affect the final results. This procedure can therefore be used to get information about the total carbon content of the samples. These results point out that the choice of the post-incubation treatment procedure has a substantial effect on the final bacterial production estimate.
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Jacks, G., Byström, M. & Johansson, L. 2001. Lead emissions from lost fishing sinkers. Boreal Env. Res. 6: 231–236.

Lead sinkers used in salmon fishing in river mouth areas are lost in amounts of up to 200 tonnes year–1 in Sweden. An experimental field investigation has shown that the dissolution rate is about 20 mg cm–2 yr–1. No secondary corrosion coating has been observed except when the sinkers were fully or partially buried in fine sediments. The loss is larger in fast running waters, but there is no obvious relation between the loss and the water quality within the range present in the field sites. Approximately 1% of the deposited lead is dissolved yearly, provided it is not buried. An alternative to lead sinkers could be concrete sinkers with magnetite as a filler.
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Hakola, H., Laurila, T., Lindfors, V., Hellén, H., Gaman, A. & Rinne, J. 2001. Variation of the VOC emission rates of birch species during the growing season. Boreal Env. Res. 6: 237–249.

The VOC emission rates of 16 Betula pubescens and 15 Betula pendula trees were measured during the 1997 growing season in southern Finland. Since the monoterpene emission rates of Betula pubescens showed large variations between the tree specimen, these measurements were continued in 2000 with two different clones. Both Betula pubescens and Betula pendula had low monoterpene emission rates early summer, but after the leaves were fully grown, darker and harder, Betula pendula initiated high monoterpene emission rates, whereas Betula pubescens showed large tree-to-tree variations. One of the studied clones initiated higher emission rates after the leaves had matured, whereas the emission rates of the other clone decreased a little. Betula pubescens also emitted linalool and sesquiterpenes. Linalool was the dominant emitted compound in June but later in summer the linalool emissions declined. Also the monoterpene emission pattern changed in the course of the growing season; at the time of leaf expansion the emission was composed of different monoterpenes, but later sabinene and trans-ocimene dominated. The seasonal changes in the emission rates were analysed using the Effective Temperature Sum (ETS, accumulated temperature above 5 deg.C). Monoterpene emissions, as well as those of linalool and sesquiterpenes, were dependent on temperature. When light was prevented from reaching the cuvette, the monoterpene emissions decreased, but sesquiterpene emissions did not. Physical disturbance of the leaves increased the emission rates of cis-3-hexen-1-ol, cis-3-hexenylacetate, 2-hexenal and 1-hexanol considerably.
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