Tervahattu, H., Lodenius, M. & Tulisalo, E. 2001. Effects of the reduction of cement plant pollution on the foliar and bark chemical composition of Scots pine. Boreal Env. Res. 6: 251–259.
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Solantie, R.K. & Joukola, M.P.J. 2001. Evapotranspiration 1961–1990 in Finland as function of meteorological and land-type factors. Boreal Env. Res. 6: 261–273.
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Lindholm, M., Eggertsson, Ó., Lovelius, N., Raspopov, O., Shumilov, O. & Läänelaid, A. 2001. Growth indices of North European Scots pine record the seasonal North Atlantic Oscillation. Boreal Env. Res. 6: 275–284.
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Kurttila, M., Pukkala, T. & Kangas, J. 2001. Composing landscape level forest plans for forest areas under multiple private ownership. Boreal Env. Res. 6: 285–296.
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Klavins, M. & Vircavs, M. 2001. Metals in sediments of inland waters of Latvia. Boreal Env. Res. 6: 297–306.
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Beletsky, D. 2001. Modeling wind-driven circulation in Lake Ladoga. Boreal Env. Res. 6: 307–316.
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Laima, M.J.C., Matthiesen, H., Christiansen, C., Lund-Hansen, L.C. & Emeis, K.-C. 2001. Dynamics of P, Fe and Mn along a depth gradient in the SW Baltic Sea. Boreal Env. Res. 6: 317–333.
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Mattsson, K., Tana, J., Härdig, J., Engström, C. & Lehtinen, K.-J. 2001. Biomarker responses in female rainbow trout exposed to untreated and secondary treated whole mill effluent from production of TCF-bleached sulphate pulp. Boreal Env. Res. 6: 335–347.
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Tervahattu, H., Lodenius, M. & Tulisalo, E. 2001. Effects of the reduction of cement plant pollution on the foliar and bark chemical composition of Scots pine. Boreal Env. Res. 6: 251–259.
Solantie, R.K. & Joukola, M.P.J. 2001. Evapotranspiration 1961–1990 in Finland as function of meteorological and land-type factors. Boreal Env. Res. 6: 261–273.
Lindholm, M., Eggertsson, Ó., Lovelius, N., Raspopov, O., Shumilov, O. & Läänelaid, A. 2001. Growth indices of North European Scots pine record the seasonal North Atlantic Oscillation. Boreal Env. Res. 6: 275–284.
Kurttila, M., Pukkala, T. & Kangas, J. 2001. Composing landscape level forest plans for forest areas under multiple private ownership. Boreal Env. Res. 6: 285–296.
Klavins, M. & Vircavs, M. 2001. Metals in sediments of inland waters of Latvia. Boreal Env. Res. 6: 297–306.
Beletsky, D. 2001. Modeling wind-driven circulation in Lake Ladoga. Boreal Env. Res. 6: 307–316.
Laima, M.J.C., Matthiesen, H., Christiansen, C., Lund-Hansen, L.C. & Emeis, K.-C. 2001. Dynamics of P, Fe and Mn along a depth gradient in the SW Baltic Sea. Boreal Env. Res. 6: 317–333.
Mattsson, K., Tana, J., Härdig, J., Engström, C. & Lehtinen, K.-J. 2001. Biomarker responses in female rainbow trout exposed to untreated and secondary treated whole mill effluent from production of TCF-bleached sulphate pulp. Boreal Env. Res. 6: 335–347.
The impact of dust emissions from the cement plant of Kunda, north-eastern Estonia, was studied by analysing Scots pine needles and bark. Element concentrations of needles were measured by atomic absorption spectrometry. A scanning electron microscope with an energy dispersive X-ray microanalyzer was used to study dust deposition on the surface of needles and bark. A thick cement dust layer covered plant surfaces, increasing the content of several elements of unwashed needles tenfold as compared with unpolluted sites. The distribution pattern of manganese was totally different to other elements, showing the highest concentrations at the remotest sample sites. Near the plant, pine needles suffered a serious deficiency of Mn. This was due to the unavailability of Mn caused by the alkalising of soil as an impact of dust pollutants. The renovation programme was aimed to reduce dust emissions by 97% over five years. Dust pollutants on pine needles and bark decreased remarkably. However, considerable dust deposition could be observed two years after the renovation. This was caused by the still continuing dust emissions (over 1000 tonnes y–1) and by re-emissions of very large dust masses formerly deposited. The results gave indirect evidence that the recovery of the soil was slow.
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Basin-wise values of mean annual total evapotranspiration for the period 1961–1990 were obtained from the water balance equation and examined using following factors: the sum of effective temperature (over the land area), the relative area of open peatlands, the amount of growing forest stock (m3 ha–1), the proportion of dense stands (i.e. the reduction in forests where evapotranspiration increases with the volume of growing stock less than usual, due to the lack of water, reduced vitality of trees and reduced evapotranspiration from the forest-floor vegetation), and lake evaporation, taken from preliminary work. The values of the variables were first obtained in 10 km x 10 km grid-squares, and then averaged over the basin areas. 96% of the total variance of the water balance evapotranspiration was explained. The mean standard error is 14.6 mm, and the maximum 30.7 mm. Evapotranspiration was determined separately for fields, open peatlands, lakes and forests. As compared with that of fields, evapotranspiration from open peatlands was 305 mm higher, and from lakes 170–300 mm higher, with an inreasing difference southwards. In Lapland evapotranspiration from forests was 35 mm higher than over fields, and in other regions 50 mm higher. The change in evapotranspiration from 1961–1975 to 1976–1990 was also studied.
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A network of 30 ring-width chronologies of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) from various parts of the boreal forest belt in north Europe were calibrated against seasonal indices of the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO). The northernmost pines, from the forest-limit region, proved to be sensitive to summertime variations of the NAO, while most southern pines respond to winter variations in the NAO index. Going from the north to the south, growth responses demonstrate that this drastic shift occurs directly south of the northern part of the boreal belt. The southern part of the pine network was used for building a transfer model of wintertime NAO between 1893 and 1981. Although the final model explains only one quarter of the variance of the predictand winter NAO index, the verification statistics show reasonable reconstruction skill. This preliminary work will complement the increasing number of proxy experimental reconstructions of the NAO.
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This study illustrates planning approaches available for forest planning concerning multiple private ownership, referred to here as regional planning. These approaches are necessary because of ecological reasons: evaluating the habitat quality of several species requires examining the forest landscape within areas larger than a single forest holding. Forest holdings are administratively delineated and do not coincide with habitat patches, which leads to interdependencies between forest holdings. The basic planning approaches applied in this study were the top-down, bottom-up and integrated approaches. In the top-down approach, the landscape-level plan was prepared according to landscape-level objectives, ignoring the holding-level objectives. In the bottom-up approach, the landscape-level plan was created by selecting the best combination among already accepted forest plan alternatives first created for each holding. In the integrated approach, landscape-level and forest-holding-level objectives were considered simultaneously in the same optimization model. It was concluded that a general ranking of the approaches is impossible because different planning situations emphasize different requirements. The ranking of approaches depends on the comparison criteria and the planning situation. It is also possible to use several approaches in one planning situation.
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Multielement analysis (by means of instrumental neutron activation analysis — INAA) of sediments in streams and lakes in Latvia was conducted. Total element concentrations, their variability and their speciation forms in sediments (exchangeable, carbonate bound, iron-manganese oxide bound, organic matter bound and residual) were compared. Increased metal concentrations were found in the lower reaches of the largest rivers and locally around known industrial pollution sources. Metal concentrations in stations from different regions of Latvia were related to natural geochemical processes and contamination levels. Metal speciation analysis showed that the dominant metal species were residual metals and those bound to organic matter. Residual and carbonate-bound forms dominated only in rhitral regions of rivers. The concentrations of exchangeable metals increased below pollution sources. Metal concentrations were compared with their geochemical mean values.
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The goal of this paper is to present circulation patterns in Lake Ladoga occurring during episodes of strong wind. Hydrodynamics of episodic events are studied with a three-dimensional barotropic numerical model. Model results are presented for a variety of wind directions and, therefore, can be used for analysis of various biogeochemical data. As an illustration, an analysis of sediment distribution in Lake Ladoga is presented. It is suggested that location of maximum sediment deposition in southeastern Lake Ladoga is due to sediment transport during episodes of strong northwesterly winds. These events generate significant waves in southern Lake Ladoga, causing sediment resuspension and subsequent offshore advection and deposition.
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Diffusive, advective and resuspension fluxes of both dissolved and suspended P, Fe and Mn were measured along a depth transect (16 to 47 m) in the SW Baltic Sea. Sediments were covered by a thin fluff layer, which was functioning as a source of nutrients to the water column. As compared with the diffusive transport, pore water advection can release as much phosphate and redox sensitive elements to the overlying water as 10–1000 days of diffusive flux at undisturbed conditions. Linear correlations between suspended P and Fe suggest that phosphate binding Fe-oxides are the source for suspended P and Fe. There was no P accumulation in shallow water. In the Arkona basin (47 m), gross sedimentation rates of P were 55 P mmol m–2 y–1 and the DRP diffusion rate back to the water column was 10 P mmol m–2 y–1 indicating that Arkona sediments are accumulating P. However, episodic resuspension may strongly enrich the water column in this nutrient. The potential resuspension of P varied with the season and a maximum rate of 8 mmol P m–2 was registered in June.
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Juvenile, female rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) were exposed for 8 weeks to 1:400 dilutions of treated and untreated totally chlorine free bleached kraft mill effluents (BKME). Individual growth, feed consumption, bile conjugates, liver enzyme 7-ethoxyresorufin-O-deethylase (EROD), liver histology, liver glycogen, muscle lipid, hematology parameters and plasma 17[beta]-estradiol levels were measured. Compared with the controls, no significant effects on growth, feed consumption, plasma 17[beta]-estradiol and EROD were observed. A significant positive relationship between growth and plasma 17[beta]-estradiol and muscle lipid content was found in fish exposed to treated effluent. The fish bile sterol levels did not correlate with the sterol levels analyzed directly from effluent samples. The treated effluent exposed fish excreted more cholesterol through bile than control fish. Livers of fish exposed to treated effluent had lower glycogen content and muscle lipid content than control fish. Only minor changes in liver structure and hematology of the BKME exposed fish were observed. Other studies has shown phytosterols to inhibite intestinal cholesterol absorbtion and this might explain why a higher liver energy metabolism was observed in fish exposed to treated effluent.
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