ISSN 1239-6095
© Boreal Environment Research 2005

Contents of Volume 10 Number 2

Kulmala, M., Lehtinen, K. E. J., Laakso, L., Mordas, G. & Hämeri, K. 2005: On the existence of neutral atmospheric clusters. Boreal Env. Res. 10: 79–87.
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Roose, A. & Roots, O. 2005: Monitoring of priority hazardous substances in Estonian water bodies and in the coastal Baltic Sea. Boreal Env. Res. 10: 89–102.
Abstract
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Soomere, T. 2005: Wind wave statistics in Tallinn Bay. Boreal Env. Res. 10: 103–118.
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Keskinen, T., Pääkkönen, J.-P. J., Lilja, J., Marjomäki, T. J. & Karjalainen, J. 2005: Homing behaviour of pikeperch (Sander lucioperca) following experimental transplantation. Boreal Env. Res. 10: 119–124.
Abstract
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Pikkarainen, A.-L. & Lemponen, P. 2005: Petroleum hydrocarbon concentrations in Baltic Sea subsurface water. Boreal Env. Res. 10: 125–134.
Abstract
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Kepanen, A., Lodenius, M., Tulisalo, E. & Hartikainen, H. 2005: Effects of different wood ashes on the solubility of cadmium in two boreal forest soils. Boreal Env. Res. 10: 135–143.
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Ihalainen, M., Pukkala, T. & Saastamoinen, O. 2005: Regional expert models for bilberry and cowberry yields in Finland. Boreal Env. Res. 10: 145–158.
Abstract
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Kulmala, M., Lehtinen, K. E. J., Laakso, L., Mordas, G. & Hämeri, K. 2005: On the existence of neutral atmospheric clusters. Boreal Env. Res. 10: 79–87.

A recent hypothesis on the existence of neutral thermodynamically stable clusters is thoroughly investigated both experimentally and theoretically. Altogether, three different methods are utilized. First, the concentrations and size distributions of atmospheric ions, measured using ion spectrometers, are analyzed in parallel with aerosol size distribution data to find out the size dependencies of cluster and aerosol growth rates. The measurements are performed at SMEAR II station in Hyytiälä, Finland. Second, a condensation particle counter (CPC) is used as a nucleation chamber for homogeneous nucleation and ambient cluster activation studies. Both experimental methods support the existence of neutral clusters. Third, a large number of model simulations on aerosol and ion size distribution dynamics reveal that the existence of neutral clusters seems to be necessary to obtain consistency between modeling results and experimental measurements.
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Roose, A. & Roots, O. 2005: Monitoring of priority hazardous substances in Estonian water bodies and in the coastal Baltic Sea. Boreal Env. Res. 10: 89–102.

The water sub-programme of the Estonian National Environmental Monitoring Programme aims to monitor and to develop an information support system for the protection of inland surface waters, transitional waters, coastal waters and groundwater. Focusing on problem areas and reflecting intensive human impact, monitoring of hazardous substances is targeted at populated industrial metropolitan areas in Tallinn and in the oil-shale region of north-eastern Estonia. During the last decade the state of the environment regarding priority hazardous substances has continuously improved. According to monitoring results, the concentration of hazardous substances in sediments and in surface water remains low in the majority of Estonian rivers, and their quality by European standards is classified as good. Concentrations of hazardous substances found in Baltic fish in the Estonian coastal sea remain below standards established by the FAO/WHO for food. The key to the improvement of monitoring is the integration of source-oriented and load-oriented approaches, since both are lacking full-scale consistent data coverage.
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Soomere, T. 2005: Wind wave statistics in Tallinn Bay. Boreal Env. Res. 10: 103–118.

The wind wave regime of Tallinn Bay, Gulf of Finland, is analysed with the use of a simplified method of long-term computations of wave fields based on a high-resolution nested WAM model and Kalbådagrund (1991–2000) wind data. The distributions of probabilities for wave heights, annual and seasonal mean wave heights, density of wave energy and its flux (wave power), and 1-year return wave heights as well as the wave field properties in extreme storms are computed. The mainland and surrounding islands together with numerous shallow areas shelter the bay from waves coming from the dominating strong wind directions. The average wave properties exhibit a significant seasonal and spatial variability. The highest waves occur in the vicinity of the Tallinn–Helsinki ship lane where the significant wave height exceeds 2 m each year and may reach 4 m in extreme NNW storms.
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Keskinen, T., Pääkkönen, J.-P. J., Lilja, J., Marjomäki, T. J. & Karjalainen, J. 2005: Homing behaviour of pikeperch (Sander lucioperca) following experimental transplantation. Boreal Env. Res. 10: 119–124.

Homing behaviour of pikeperch Sander lucioperca was studied using ultrasonic telemetry. Twelve pikeperch were tagged with ultrasonic transmitters having a battery life of 14 months and released to Jyväsjärvi. Six of the pikeperch were originally captured from Jyväsjärvi and six were captured from Päijänne and transplanted seven km to Jyväsjärvi. Five of the transplanted pikeperch were observed near the original capture site less than two weeks after release. None of these fish later returned to Jyväsjärvi. Pikeperch originally from Jyväsjärvi stayed mainly in that lake for the duration of tracking. The data indicate that pikeperch exhibit site fidelity and are able to home after transplantation. The results also indicate that the two studied lakes may have semi discrete pikeperch stocks.
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Pikkarainen, A.-L. & Lemponen, P. 2005: Petroleum hydrocarbon concentrations in Baltic Sea subsurface water. Boreal Env. Res. 10: 125–134.

Many oil hydrocarbons are thought to be a source of toxicity in the marine environment. The Baltic Sea, one of the largest bodies of brackish water in the world, has numerous point sources for oil pollution. In particular, growing maritime traffic, including oil transportation, and several oil harbours have increased the risk of oil-spills. Between 1992 and 2003, the total hydrocarbon concentrations (THCs) of Baltic subsurface water were determined by fluorescence spectroscopy (UVF). Concentrations ranged from 0.13 to 1.8 ug l–1 as Ekofisk crude oil equivalents. To assure comparability of the results, the values were converted to chrysene equivalents (0.010–0.14 ug l–1). Seasonal dependence of the THCs was evident — the lowest concentration was found during summer in the Bothnian Sea and Bothnian Bay and the highest during winter in the northern Baltic Proper. THCs differed geographically following the amounts of oil discharges, with highest values in the Gulf of Finland, the northern Baltic Proper and the eastern Gotland Basin.
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Kepanen, A., Lodenius, M., Tulisalo, E. & Hartikainen, H. 2005: Effects of different wood ashes on the solubility of cadmium in two boreal forest soils. Boreal Env. Res. 10: 135–143.

In this study the fate of wood ash-derived cadmium (Cd) in forest soils was monitored in a field experiment and in a subsequent incubation experiment in the laboratory. The aim was to assess the distribution of cadmium between various pools differing in their bioavailability. In the field experiment the manual application caused a large variation between the subsamples and resulted in hot spots. A three-week incubation experiment carried out with mineral and peat soils using five different kinds of ashes demonstrated that ashes of dissimilar origin differ markedly in their effect on pH and cadmium dissolution. Furthermore, peat and mineral soils differed in the distribution of cadmium. Water-soluble and exchangeable cadmium, considered to represent bioavailable pools, remained low in all treatments. The results indicate that the stabilization of ash and the liming effect of the material are factors limiting the mobility of cadmium in soil even if the increase in the total amount can be high.
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Ihalainen, M., Pukkala, T. & Saastamoinen, O. 2005: Regional expert models for bilberry and cowberry yields in Finland. Boreal Env. Res. 10: 145–158.

This study presents regional berry yield prediction models for the 13 Forestry Centres of Finland. The study material was collected by mailing a questionnaire to Forestry Centres' forest planners and other staff members whose work was related to forest planning in the field. These persons assessed bilberry and cowberry production of 117 imaginary forest stands, differing in site fertility, dominant tree species, stage of stand development and stand density. A total of 266 regional experts evaluated the stands. Using the resulting data, models were prepared which predict the berry yields from those site and stand characteristics which are usually known in forest planning calculations. In bilberry modelling, two separate models were developed: one for the Forestry Centre of Kainuu and the other for the rest of Finland. In cowberry modelling, the statistical analyses resulted in the sub-division of (1) North Karelia, Kainuu and Lapland vs. (2) the rest of Finland. Several district-specific, or Forestry Centre-specific, predictors were included in models common to several Forestry Centres. The results of this study, based on unexceptionally wide regional expertise, on the effects of site and tree cover on berry production were largely in line with previous field and other studies conducted in some parts of Finland. The models developed can be utilised in multiple-use forest planning throughout the whole Finland. They also provide possibilities for estimating the regional supply of the major wild berries in Finland. However, there still remains a need to calibrate the models with field data.
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